11/7/2023 0 Comments Parrot with blown pupilHemorrhage may result from numerous causes including trauma, infectious disease, metabolic and nutritional causes, and neoplasia. The sight of blood strikes fear in all bird owners and is a common emergency presentation. If cyanosis with or without restraint, intubation should be considered. The decision of what point to intercede and intubate the air sac should be based on whether the patient can tolerate diagnostic and therapeutic care without becoming cyanosis. The cyanosis and signs of distress may become evident with any stress or restraint. Initial evaluation of respiration may show open mouth breathing, inspiratory and/or expiratory stridor, very often with a musical squeak-like respiratory sounds originating at the glottis or syrinx combined with cyanosis are suggestive of upper airway obstruction. These patients present with a history of acute onset of dyspnea, often with no previous sign of disease. Inhaled foreign bodies (e.g., millet seeds inhaled by cockatiels), fungal and bacterial granuloma at the syrinx and glottal papillomas may result in near total to total obstruction. Upper airway obstructions are common avian emergencies. Nebulization of medication and or humidification will benefit some patients. The use of bronchodialators and corticosteroid are controversial. Symptomatic treatment should include oxygen, antibiotics, and other supportive therapy such as diuretics. Pulmonary disease may result from a variety of causes including heart disease, fungal, bacterial, viral and parasitic pneumonia or pneumonitis, and airborne toxins. Primary pulmonary disease (pneumonia, pulmonary congestion or hemorrhage), upper airway obstruction and abdominal disease that interferes with the filling of air sacs may all present as respiratory distress. Character of respiration may be helpful in making a diagnosis and appropriate treatment. After administering oxygen or establishing an airway and adequate ventilation, a thorough evaluation of the animals respiratory tract must be performed to determine the cause of the problem. Respiratory emergenciesĭifficulty breathing is a common complaint in birds presented for emergency or critical care. Grey parrots (Psittacidae) presented in seizure should be treated presumptively with intravenous calcium gluconate as well as with diazepam. Hypocalcemia should be on the differential diagnosis of any grey parrot with neurological signs. Signs may range from incoordination to status epilepticus. Young birds 2 to 5 years of age are most commonly effected. Hypocalcemia syndromeĪfrican Grey parrots (Psittacidae), both Timneh and Congo sub-species, are rarely affected by a hypoglycemia syndrome (although there appears to be a decrease in it’s frequency in our practice, perhaps due to increased awareness of nutritional needs). A diagnosis for the birds state of decompensation gives the patient the greatest chances for survival. The patient that presents with only depressed mentation, and severe dehydration must be pursued aggressively until some clue is found to justify its condition. The following are common problems grouped by system. The symptoms, visual examination, and initial diagnostics will often establish the direction of treatment and specific diagnostic tests. Most often these are birds are found on the bottom of the cage with little if any history of prior signs of illness. The most commonly presented avian emergency is that of the critically ill bird.
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